標題：SM2論文：阿拉斯加荒野雪地摩托噪聲和自然安靜避難所的聲學印跡
Abstract
Snowmobiling in Congressionally designated Wilderness (CW) in Alaska is a contentious issue in the arena of appropriate use of public lands. The 1980 Alaska National Interests Lands Conservation Act allows snowmobiling in CW for traditional activities. Conversely, the 1964 Wilderness Act prohibits motor vehicles in CW to preserve its naturalness and opportunities for solitude. These conflicting mandates challenge the ability of managers to preserve CW character. The Kenai National Wildlife Refuge (KENWR) manages 534,300 ha of CW, where 253,200 ha are open to snowmobiling. Snowmobile noise degrades CW character whereas natural quiet is indicative of naturalness and offers opportunities for solitude. We determined the acoustic footprint of snowmobile noise and areas of natural quiet refugia in CW by recording the soundscape at 27 locations inside, and 37 locations outside, KENWR CW. We calculated soundscape power (normalized watts/kHz) from 59,598 sound recordings and generated spatially explicit models of snowmobile noise and natural quiet using machine-learning (TreeNet). We calculated the area of CW with the highest and lowest soundscape power for snowmobile noise and natural quiet, respectively. Snowmobile noise occurred during daylight hours while natural quiet was predominant at night. Snowmobile noise was higher in February and March while January was quieter. Snowmobile noise affected 39% of CW open to snowmobiling while natural quiet made up 36%. Natural quiet occurred in 51% of all KENWR CW of which 39% was prohibited by management or inaccessible by snowmobiles. Our models identify areas where conservation of winter soundscapes in CW can be focused.
Index terms: Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, snowmobile noise, soundscape, wilderness, Wilderness Act
摘要：
在阿拉斯加州國會指定的荒野地區（CW）進行雪地摩托化是合理使用公共土地領域的一個有爭議的問題。1980年《阿拉斯加國家利益土地保護法》允許在CW進行傳統活動的雪地摩托。相反，1964年的《荒野保護法》禁止在CW使用機動車輛，以保護其自然性和獨處的機會。這些相互沖突的任務對管理者保持CW性格的能力提出了挑戰。基奈國家野生動物保護區（KENWR）管理著534300公頃的CW，其中253200公頃對雪地摩托開放。雪地摩托噪音會降低CW特性，而自然安靜則表示自然，并提供獨處的機會。我們通過記錄KENWR CW內部27個位置和外部37個位置的聲景，確定了CW雪地摩托噪音的聲足跡和自然安靜避難所的面積。我們從59598個錄音中計算了聲景功率（歸一化瓦特/千赫），并使用機器學習（TreeNet）生成了雪地摩托噪聲和自然安靜的空間顯式模型。我們分別計算了雪地摩托噪音和自然安靜時聲景功率最高和最低的CW面積。雪地摩托噪音發生在白天，而夜間則以自然安靜為主。雪地摩托的噪音在2月和3月更高，而1月則更安靜。雪地摩托噪音影響了39%的開放雪地摩托的CW，而自然安靜占36%。51%的KENWR CW出現了自然安靜，其中39%被管理層禁止或雪地摩托無法進入。我們的模型確定了重點保護CW冬季聲景的區域。
關鍵詞：SM2聲學記錄儀，野外聲學調查，野生動物聲學記錄，雪地摩托噪音、聲景、荒野、荒野保護法
